The Texas Department of Criminal Justice said the escapee, 22-year-old Trent Thompson, broke out of the Formby Unit in Plainview at about 11:14 p.m. on Saturday.
On Sunday, authorities said they captured him at about 11:15 a.m. in Coleman, Texas, about 250 miles away from the prison.
Thompson was convicted of three counts of aggravated robbery out of Taylor County and Coleman County and aggravated assault on a public servant out of Coleman County, according to prison officials.
The TDCJ says Thompson will face felony escape charges.
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