Giffords is "recovering well after her surgery today," a hospital statement said.
Her astronaut husband, Mark Kelly, who is orbiting Earth on the space shuttle Endeavour, said he kept in touch with his mother-in-law, his identical twin brother Scott, and his wife's chief of staff throughout the surgery, and that he is pleased with how it went.
"She's doing really well. Everything went as planned," Kelly said in a TV interview from space. "Her neurosurgeons are very happy, she's recuperating and she's actually getting back to therapy today. So it went really, really well."
On Thursday, the hospital planned a briefing to give an update on her medical condition and discuss the next steps in her rehabilitation.
Doctors familiar with the procedure and not involved in her care said the implant surgery was fairly routine, will significantly improve her quality of life and help her feel more normal. "It's a very significant milestone in the recovery," said Dr. Robert Friedlander, chair of neurosurgery at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
The implant -- or bone flap as doctors call it -- will protect the brain and the skull, Friedlander said. It will allow Giffords to freely move about without her helmet, adorned with the Arizona state flag, for the first time since she began therapy in late January.
In addition, it makes therapy easier because the helmet can be uncomfortable and cumbersome, Friedlander said.
Dr. Reid Thompson, chairman of neurological surgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, said there is also an important psychological element to removing the helmet. "They look in the mirror and they don't see someone who's been injured or shot. They look normal," Thompson said.
The flap itself is custom made, manufactured to slip perfectly into place based on a three-dimensional model of the skull built from a CT image, Thompson said. Usually, the implant is made of clear or white plastic, and tightened into place with titanium screws.
Bill Kolter, a spokesman for Biomet, the manufacturer of Giffords' implants, said the material is porous to allow bone to fuse to the edges of the object in the future.
"She'll look like everyone and when walking down the street you wouldn't know." Thompson said.
Even the shunt -- or tube -- placed in Giffords' head to drain excess spinal fluids from her brain will not ruin the image, Friedlander said.
That tube, which is permanent, is generally placed in the front of the head and is no more than a small bulge under the skin, usually hidden by hair. The tube drains the fluid into the abdomen.
"Externally ... once the swelling is gone, her head will be nice and round the way she was beforehand," Friedlander said.
From the start, doctors have marveled not only at Giffords survival, but also at her recovery.
Within weeks of arriving at TIRR Memorial Hospital in late January, Giffords' family and staff reported she could speak a few words, then sing some songs and string together short sentences. By March, she was able to walk with assistance, according to her doctors, and her personality was shining through.
Still, doctors caution that she has a long recovery ahead of her and have repeatedly talked about reaching a new "normal."
On Monday, according to her staff, Giffords said "good stuff, good stuff" while watching her husband rocket into space.
"She was really excited to be at the launch, really enjoyed it a lot," Kelly said.
Wednesday's operation is considered fairly routine, though there is a 1 percent chance of infection or bleeding, Thompson said. Yet doctors say it wasn't necessary to have Kelly on Earth to go ahead with the surgery.
Not only can closing the hole alleviate some of the headaches associated with brain injuries, it helps prevent any future injury, Thompson said.
The surgery itself is only about 90 minutes long. From start to finish, including recovery from anesthesia and pre-operating preparations, the procedure will take no more than three hours, the doctors said.
And once it's over, the real countdown for Giffords' release will begin, they added.
"That may actually be quite soon," Thompson said.
