The Livingston Police Department said the incident happened on March 12, after officers found methamphetamine and other "items commonly linked to drug use" at Livingston Junior High School.
Police said they interviewed witnesses and identified Amanda Stanzel as a person of interest. The teacher, they said, "had already been taken to a hospital for treatment" and was arrested on Wednesday.
Stanzel was booked into the Polk County Jail on charges of abandoning/endangering a child and possession of a controlled substance, officials added.
Livingston PD said there was no evidence that any students at the school came in contact with the drugs.
The district, in a statement, said the teacher was placed on administrative leave.
"Livingston ISD takes this matter very seriously. We neither condone nor tolerate this type of behavior by staff members. The district is fully cooperating with law enforcement and will continue to follow all legal and personnel procedures. At all times, the safety and well-being of our students and staff remain our highest priority. We are committed to maintaining a safe, secure, and drug-free learning environment. Because this is an ongoing legal and personnel matter, the district will not provide additional details at this time," the statement read.