Expensive platinum has been used as a catalyst in the process of producing oxygen previously, but the new research substitutes more common chemicals.
The two independent developments are reported in Friday's edition of the journal Science.
In one study, chemist Daniel Nocera of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology added cobalt and phosphates to neutral water and then inserted a conductive-glass electrode.
When the researchers applied an electrical current, a dark film formed on the electrode from which tiny pockets of oxygen began to appear, eventually building into a stream of bubbles.
That raises the possibility of using solar energy to generate the electricity in daytime and using excess power to get oxygen from water, which could then be stored for use in producing energy when the sun wasn't shining.
"The simplicity of this process is amazing," Luis Echegoyen, director of the National Science Foundation's chemistry division, said in a statement. "Using common and affordable elements, and a glass of water, these chemists may have given us a future way to efficiently obtain oxygen by splitting water."
In the second report, researchers led by Bjorn Winther-Jensen at the Australian Centre for Electromaterials Science, developed an electrode that consists of a conducting polymer on a Goretex membrane.
They report that the large surface area of the membrane allows oxygen production at rates close to those of platinum electrodes.
Producing hydrogen from water still requires platinum, but Nocera said he expects that to be overcome by ongoing research.
The MIT research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The Australian Research Council supported the work there.
